The number of days with high T mrt in Gothenburg was relatively unchanged at the end of the century (+1 day), whereas it more than doubled in Frankfurt and tripled in Porto. Air temperature, T a, increased in all cities by 2100, but changes in solar radiation due to changes in cloudiness counterbalanced or exacerbated the effects on T mrt. Present-day and projected future changes in mean radiant temperature, T mrt in one northern, one mid-, and one southern European city (represented by Gothenburg, Frankfurt, and Porto), are presented, and the concept of hot spots is adopted. Thorsson, Sofia Rayner, David Lindberg, Fredrik Monteiro, Ana Katzschner, Lutz Lau, Kevin Ka-Lun Campe, Sabrina Katzschner, Antje Konarska, Janina Onomura, Shiho Velho, Sara Holmer, Björn Present and projected future mean radiant temperature for three European cities It is suggested that the allowance to behaviourally adjust the thermal environment increases the tolerance of cold discomfort.
RADIANT ONE BUBBLE GUM SIMULATOR SKIN
Other factors that we did not measure may have contributed to the constant overall thermal comfort status despite dropping mean skin and body temperatures.
In all air temperatures, high correlation coefficients were observed between the air velocity and the radiant heat load. No other significant difference was observed. In 26Â☌ air mean skin temperature was lower at rest than when exercising. When facing winds, in all but the 26Â☌ air, the radiant heat was statistically higher at rest than when exercising. In all conditions, mean body temperature was lower when facing winds of 3 m s(-1) than during the first 5 min, without wind. We hypothesized that mean body temperature should be maintained stable and the intensity of the radiant heat and the mean skin temperatures would be lower when cycling. During the 30 min of the experiments, skin and rectal temperatures were continuously recorded. Seven male volunteers wearing swimming trunks in 18Â☌, 22Â☌ or 26Â☌ air were exposed to increasing air velocities up to 3 m s(-1) and self-adjusted the intensity of the direct radiant heat received on the front of the body to just maintain overall thermal comfort, at rest or when cycling (60 W, 60 rpm). The aims of the present work were to investigate the relationships between radiant heat load, air velocity and body temperatures with or without coincidental exercise to determine the physiological mechanisms that drive thermal comfort and thermoregulatory behaviour. The relationship between radiant heat, air temperature and thermal comfort at rest and exercise.